The possibilities are endless but most of them don't really work. There's all sorts of things you can do to clean up the sound of your studio space, and guys mistake that for soundproofing because it sounds quieter/better inside the room, but trying to quiet things down within the house/building is a losing battle. (Keeping the neighbours happy is a lot easier.)
Mattresses and other "mass" stuff will only help a little unless you can also do the floor and ceiling
At a minimum, you'd have to move your stuff to a room in the basement (to save yourself having to deal with the floor), hang a fixed ceiling, double the drywall on the walls and ceiling, then weatherstrip the crap out of the (hopefully not hollow) door. I helped a buddy do this in his house for his home theatre. We built a staggered-stud wall on the interior walls of the room, and doubled the ceiling. It worked okay for the home theatre-- basically went from "you can tell exactly what movie it is from anywhere in the house" to "you can tell immediately that there's a movie playing downstairs." But if you're playing guitar loud enough to need earplugs, for example, I don't think it would help a lot. I was originally thinking of doing the same thing and after doing his space, decided not to bother.
If you're serious about doing the work there's lots of howtos from home theatre guys on the web; google "home theatre soundproofing."
But basically, if you don't have a basement and/or you're in an older house where you don't want to start knocking stuff out for fear of what else might go, you're mostly screwed and are better off building a shed or garage outside.
Sorry to sound negative, but this is one of those things where you can waste a whole ton of effort and/or money and not really get anything out of it.
Seriously, dude, the best thing to do is make some kind of weekly arrangement with your wife on when you can crank it.